The Harvard RoboBee has long shown it can fly, dive, and hover like a real insect. But what good is the miracle of flight without a safe way to land?
A storied engineering achievement by the Harvard Microrobotics Laboratory, the RoboBee is now outfitted with its most reliable landing gear to date, inspired by one of nature’s most graceful landers: the crane fly.
Publishing in Science Robotics, the team led by Robert Wood, the Harry Lewis and Marlyn McGrath Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences at the John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) has given their flying robot a set of long, jointed legs that help ease its transition from air to ground.
The robot has also received an updated controller that helps it decelerate on approach, resulting in a gentle plop-down.
These improvements protect the robot’s delicate piezoelectric actuators—energy-dense “muscles” deployed for flight that are easily fractured by external forces from rough landings and collisions.
Landing has been problematic for the RoboBee due in part to how small and light it is—weighing just a tenth of a gram, with a wingspan of 3 centimeters. Previous iterations suffered from significant ground effect, or instability as a result of air vortices from its flapping wings—much like the groundward-facing full-force gales generated by helicopter propellers.
“Previously, if we were to go in for a landing, we’d turn off the vehicle a little bit above the ground and just drop it, and pray that it will land upright and safely,” explained co-first author Christian Chan, a graduate student who led the mechanical redesign of the robot.
Their paper describes improvement of the robot’s controller, or brain, to adapt to the ground effects as it approaches, an effort led by co-first author and former postdoctoral researcher Nak-seung Patrick Hyun. Hyun led controlled landing tests on a leaf as well as rigid surfaces.
“The successful landing of any flying vehicle relies on minimizing the velocity as it approaches the surface before impact and dissipating energy quickly after the impact,” said Hyun, now an assistant professor at Purdue University.
“Even with the tiny wing flaps of RoboBee, the ground effect is non-negligible when flying close to the surface, and things can get worse after the impact as it bounces and tumbles.”
The lab looked to nature to inspire mechanical upgrades for skillful flight and graceful landing on a variety of terrains. They chose the crane fly, the relatively slow-moving, harmless insect that emerges from spring to fall and is often mistaken for a giant mosquito.
“The size and scale of our platform’s wingspan and body size was fairly similar to crane flies,” Chan said.
They noted crane flies’ long, jointed appendages that most likely give the insects the ability to dampen their landings. Crane flies are further characterized by their short-duration flights—much of their brief adult lifespan (days to a couple of weeks) is spent landing and taking off.
Considering specimen records from Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology database, the team created prototypes of different leg architectures, settling on designs similar to a crane fly’s leg segmentation and joint location. The lab used manufacturing methods pioneered in the Harvard Microrobotics Lab for adapting the stiffness and damping of each joint.
Postdoctoral researcher and co-author Alyssa Hernandez brought her biology expertise to the project, having received her Ph.D. from Harvard’s Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, where she studied insect locomotion.
“RoboBee is an excellent platform to explore the interface of biology and robotics,” Hernandez said.
“Seeking bioinspiration within the amazing diversity of insects offers us countless avenues to continue improving the robot. Reciprocally, we can use these robotic platforms as tools for biological research, producing studies that test biomechanical hypotheses.”
Currently the RoboBee stays tethered to off-board control systems. The team will continue to focus on scaling up the vehicle and incorporating onboard electronics to give the robot sensor, power, and control autonomy—a three-pronged holy grail that would allow the RoboBee platform to truly take off.
“The longer-term goal is full autonomy, but in the interim we have been working through challenges for electrical and mechanical components using tethered devices,” said Wood. “The safety tethers were, unsurprisingly, getting in the way of our experiments, and so safe landing is one critical step to remove those tethers.”
The RoboBee’s diminutive size and insect-like flight prowess offer intriguing possibilities for future applications, including environmental monitoring and disaster surveillance. Among Chan’s favorite potential applications is artificial pollination—picture swarms of RoboBees buzzing around vertical farms and gardens of the future.
More information:
Nak-seung Hyun et al, Sticking the landing: Insect-inspired strategies for safely landing flapping-wing aerial microrobots, Science Robotics (2025). DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adq3059. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.adq3059
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
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RoboBee gets crane fly-inspired legs for soft touchdowns (2025, April 16)
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